19^th Century Russia

Political Structure: Autocratic & Bureaucratic Centralism

Social Structure: Feudal – Gentry v Peasant/Serf (+ Intelligentsia)

Economic Structure: Manorial-Mercantile

III Dealing with the Dilemma – Part 2

Nicholas I 1825-1855 – Conservative “Fathers”

Decisive Influence: Decembrist Revolt 1825 Pushkin 1799-1837

Gogol 1809-1852

Official Ideology: “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationality” Belinsky 1811-1848

Opposition Ideologies: Westernizer v Slavophile Reformers

Alexander II 1855-1881 – Autocratic Liberal “Sons”

Decisive Influence: Crimean War 1853-1856 Turgenev 1818-1883

Dostoevsky 1821-1881

Reformist Policies: Emancipation, Zemstvos

Opposition Ideologies: Liberal v Nihilist v Populist (radicalized)

Decisive Influence: 1848

Alexander III 1881-1894 – Conservative Modernizer

Decisive Influence: Assassination of the Tsar Liberator

Major Changes: Industrialization

Opposition Ideologies: Liberal v Populist v Radical “Grandsons”

Tolstoy 1828-1910

Decisive Influence: Failure of Reform Chekhov 1860-1904

Nicholas II 1894-1917 – Conservative Modernizer →Disingenuous Liberal

Decisive Influences: Witte, Stolypin

Major Changes: Industrialization & Agricultural Reform

1905 Revolution

World War I

Opposition Ideologies: Liberal, Peasant Socialist & Marxist