- 19th Century Russia

Tropinin, Portrait of  Pushkin (1827)

Venetsianov, In the Ploughed Field  (1827)

Venetsianov, On the Threshing Floor  (1821)

Fedotov, The Major's Courtship (1848)

Aivazovsky,  The Ninth Wave,
(1850) (super detail)

Yakobi, Halt of the Prisoners (1861)

Perov, Hunters at Rest (1871)

Surikov, Boyarina Mozorova

Surikov, The Morning of the
Execution of the Streltsy. 1881

Surikov,  Yermak's Conquest of Siberia (1895)

Repin, The Reply of the Zaporozhian
Cossacks to Sultan Mahmoud IV (1880-1891)

Perov, Feodor Dostoyevsky (1872)

Repin, Barge Haulers on the Volga  (1870) 
Repin's Painting 'The Volga Barge-Haulers'

Kramskoy,  The Peasant Ignatii Pirogov (1874)

Karl Briullov, The Last Day of Pompeii 1830-33) Gogol, 'The Last Day of Pompeii (Briullov's Painting)' (1834)

Repin, Krestny Khod (Religious Procession)
in Kursk Gubernia. (1880-1883)

Maikovsky, Peasant Children (1890)

Kramskoy, Christ in the Wilderness (1871)

Savrasov, The Rooks Have Come (1871)


Surikov, The Boyarynia Morozova. 1887

Surikov,  Ermak’s Conquest of Siberia (1895) 

Vasnetsov , Heroes (1898) aka Bogatyrs (1898)  portrait of  Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich

Key Questions

• What changes in the Russian culture are reflected in the shift in artistic and literary styles over the course of the 19th century?
• What were the political, social and economic changes occurring in Russia over the course of the 19th Century?
• To what extent is it possible to say that the ideas of the Enlightenment and subsequent changes of the Industrial Revolution had not yet reached Russia by the end of the 19th century?
• To what degree did the disconnect between the expression of ‘high’ and ‘common’ culture of 19th century Russia manifested in the structural problems of the Russian Empire?
• In what ways, was Russia at the end of the 19th century ‘behind’ [backward] the rest of Europe? In what ways were Russian intellectuals contemporary to the rest of European society at the time?
• What was the relationship between the changing mode of production and the values and political/social structures being developed in Russia?

 19th c. Russia Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual Religious

 19th c. Russia Art:

 19th c. Russia Literature:

 19th c. Russia Music:

Primary Sources:

Primary Sources:

Primary Sources:

Primary Sources:

• Peter the Great on Serfdom  (1721);  Reforming the Church ; Table of Ranks

• Radischev, radical  "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" (1790)

Roerich, Guests from Overseas (1901)

• Karamzin,  History of the Russian State (1818-26); monarchist  Memoir On Ancient And Modern Russia: trans. Richard Pipes (apology for autocracy) (1812); Norman theory of Russia's origins
• Pushkin, as monarchist  The History of Pugachev (1833)
  

• Fedor Glinka on the patriotic spirit of the common folk.  Letters of a Russian Officer (1815)
• the Decembrist historian Nikita Muraviev began his study with the fighting words: ‘History belongs to the people.’
• Lermontov, Novgorod (‘Brave sons of the Slavs, for what did you die?’),   the fallen heroes of medieval Novgorod or the freedom fighters of 1825 whose loss was to be mourned
  
• Venevitanov,  pro-Decembrist poem Novgorod (1826): medieval Novgorod -  historic proof of the people’s right to rule themselves
  
• Pushkin, Letter 'To Chaadaev' (1821); ‘Message to Siberia’ (1827)
• a natural ‘family’ of patriots. Nikolai Rostov in War and Peace discovers this community on his return from leave. 
• Pestel, Russian Truth 
• Ryleev’s poem ‘Natalia Dolgorukaya’ (1821-3)
  
• Chaadaev, Apology of a Madman,  excerpts; First Philosophical Letter (1826)  published by the literary critic Nadezhdin  in The Telescope

Vasnetsov , Heroes (1898) aka Bogatyrs (1898)  portrait of  Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich

• Aksakov, "A Slavophile Statement"
  
• sobornost’
• idealizing Orthodoxy and the legendary folk hero Ilia Muromets
  
• Gogol, Selected Passages from Correspondence with My Friends (1846)
  

• Iartsev, "On the Movement to the People"(1873); Proclamation of a Populist Activist, 1874
• Nikolai Mikhailovsky  Populist theorist

• Belinsky, "Letter to Gogol"  (1846)

• Herzen, Letter to Michelet (1851); On Paris  (1848); From the Other Shore (1850)
• Kostomarov, The Revolt of Stenka Razin (1859) Liberal history;  The Time of Troubles (1866)
  
• Dobrulyubov, "What is Oblomovism?" (1859) (pdf)
  
• Alexander II, "Emancipation Manifesto" (1861)
• Nikitenko, Response to the Emancipation Manifesto (1861)
• Chernyshevsky, "The Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality" (1853)

• Apollon Grigoriev and the so-called ‘native soil’ critics (pochvenniki)

Nechaev, "Catechism of a Revolutionist" (1869)  Aileen Kelly, “Mr. Possessed” (on Sergei Nechaev) (1981)

• Pisarev, "Bazarov" (1862); a review of Fathers and Sons; "Plato's Idealism" (1861); Bees (1862);   Popularizers of Negative Doctrines from The Ray (1866)
• Chernyshevsky, What is to be Done (1863)
• N.A. Dobroliubov, 'Morning. A Litterary [sic] Miscellany'; 'A Dark Kingdom' and 'A Ray of Light in a Dark Kingdom'
  
• Nechaev, "Catechism of a Revolutionist" (1869)
• Bakunin, "God and the State" (1871); “Preconditions for a Social Revolution in Russia” (1873)
• The People's Will
  

• Alexander III, Manifesto (1882)
• Letter of the Revolutionary Committee to Alexander III
• Chekhov, The Island of Sakhalin (1893-4)
• Pobedonotsev,  The Ideologist of Russian Reaction (1898); Pobedonostsev, Reflections of a Russian Statesman
• a newspaper account of the Kishinev pogrom
• Dosteovsky, "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" "Diary of a Writer," June, 1876; Pushkin Speech  (1880)

Levitan, The Vladimirka Road to Siberia (1892)

• Kanatchikov, "At the Mytischensk Factory" (1897)

• Lenin,  Remarks on Books: G. V. Plekhanov,  N. G. Chernyshevsky (1910))

• Lenin, What Is to Be Done? (1902) excerpt (Reading About the World)

F.-B.Rastrelli, The Winter Palace; Tsarskoy Selo; The Sheremetev Palace in St Petersburg (Fountain House) 

Falconet's  Bronze Horseman painted

• Falconet's Statue of Peter the Great (1788) (painting by Vasily Ivanovich Surikov) (illustration) (dramatic photo)
• Argunov, Portrait of Praskovya Sheremeteva (1802)
• Feodor Bruni’s portrait of Zinaida Volkonsky (1810)
  
• Venetsianov, Cleaning Beetroot, 1820;  In the Ploughed Field  (1827) ; On the Threshing Floor  (1821); Morning of the Landlady (1823)
• Tropinin, Portrait of  Pushkin (1827)
• Briullov, The Last Day of Pompeii.  1830-1833

• de Montferrand,  The Alexandrine Column (1832) : the regime’s image of itself
  
• Gogol, 'The Last Day of Pompeii (Briullov's Painting)' (1834)
  
• Fedor Shekhtel’s  mansion for Stepan Riabushinsky
  
• Fedor Solntsev, Antiquities of the Russian State (1846-53)

• Fedotov, Police Commissary's Reception Room the Night Before a Holiday. (1837) ;  Newly Decorated (The Morning after the Official Has Received His First Decoration). (1846); Portrait of Anna Zhdanovich.(1848) Major's Wedding Proposal (1851);  The Portrait of Natalia Zhdanovich at the Harpsichord (c. 1850)  (more)
• Aivazovsky, The Ninth Wave (1850)  (More paintings)
• the Stroganov Art School (1860-)
  

• Monument to the millennium of Russia in the square in front of St Sophia’s Cathedral, Novgorod

• V.G. Belinskii, 'The Historical Painter Ivanov', published in 1846 ; , 'A speech on criticism'
• Mikhail Mikhailov's 'Art Exhibition in St Petersburg of 1859'
• N.A. Dobroliubov, 'Morning. A Litterary [sic] Miscellany'; 'A Dark Kingdom' and 'A Ray of Light in a Dark Kingdom' 
• Vladimir Stasov,  champion of civic realist art. In 1882 Stasov wrote an article on ‘Twenty five Years of Russian Art’; Origins of the Russian Byliny (1868) 'On Ivanov's Significance in Russian Art' (1861-2, publ. 1880);  'Academic exhibition of 1863';  'The Itinerant Exhibition of 1871';

Repin, Barge Haulers on the Volga  (1870)

• Stasov,  'Repin's Painting 'The Volga Barge- Haulers'  (Letter to the Editor of 'St Petersburg Gazette')' (1873);  ''Mr Prakhov's Inaugural Lecture at the University (1874) (Letter to the Editorial Board of St Petersburg News)''; 'Deplorable aestheticians' (1877)  (1834-1882 and 1839-1881) (1883)  'False art and false artists' (1905)

• Village Easter Procession (1861)
• The Threesome (1866)
• Hunters at Rest (1871) 
• Portrait of the Author Feodor Dostoyevsky (1872)

• Barge Haulers on the Volga (1870);  A Peasant with an Evil Eye (1877) ; A Shy Peasant (1877);  Putting a Propagandist Under Arrest. (1880-1892);  They Did Not Expect Him (1884); Krestny Khod (Religious Procession) in Kursk Gubernia. (1880-1883) Mussorgsky (1881); Ivan the Terrible  and His Son Ivan: November 16, 1581 (1885)

Ivan the Terrible  and His Son Ivan: November 16, 1581 (1885)

• Viktor Gartman, Design for Great Gate at Kiev  (1874)
• Kramskoy, Christ in the Wilderness (1871); Village Elder (1873); The Peasant Ignatii Pirogov (1874)

Surikov. The Boyarynia Morozova. 1887

•  The Morning of the Execution of the Streltsy. 1881 
• The Boyarynia Morozova. 1887
• Ermak’s Conquest of Siberia (1895) 
  

• Surprise Attack (1871)
• Mortally Wounded. 1873
• About the War (1873)
• The Apotheosis of War (1871)
• V.V. Vereshchagin , 'Realism' (1895)
  

• Evenings on the Volga (1888)
• The Vladimirka Road to Siberia (1892)
• A Quiet Dwelling (1891)
• The Village (1888)

Epic history paintings of Vasnetsov and Vrubel

• Heroes (1898) aka Bogatyrs (1898)  portrait of  Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich

• After Igor’s Battle with the Polovtsians (1880) (detail) (detail) caused huge ruckus

• Benois (the voice of refined St Petersburg)  'Awaiting the Hymn to Apollo' 
  
• Sergei Diaghilev, Complicated questions: Eternal conflict ; The search for beauty;

Roerich, Guests from Overseas (1901)

• Roerich, The Messenger: Tribe Has Risen against Tribe (1897); The Idols (1901)

• Nikolai Riabushinsky,
  the Blue Rose group of Moscow Symbolist painters and  ‘Jack of Diamonds’ exhibitions (1910-14) 

• Chulkov’s ABC of Russian Superstitions (1780-83) and Levshin’s Russian Tales (1788)
• Selected 19th c. Russian Poetry
• From the Ends to the Beginnings: A Bilingual Anthology of Russian Verse
• From Karamzin to Bunin: An Anthology of Russian Short Stories By Carl R. Proffer

• ' Poor Liza ' (1792) (sentimental melodrama); 'The Island of Bornholm ' (1793); Letters of a Russian Traveller (1791-1801); Natalia (1792)  [History of the Russian State (1818-26);  Memoir On Ancient And Modern Russia: trans. Richard Pipes (apology for autocracy) (1812)]

• Ruslan and Liudmila (1820)
• Eugene Onegin (1823-33) (another translation)
• Drama: Boris Godunov (1825)
• The Negro of Peter the Great (1827)
• Tales of Belkin (1829-30): "The Shot"; "The Station-master"; "Egyptian Nights"
• Poetry: "To a Kalmyk Woman"
• The Prisoner of the Caucasus 
• more poems
  
• Letter 'To Chaadaev' (1821); ‘Message to Siberia’ (1827)
• Poem: "The Bronze Horseman" (1833) (another translation) (illustration) (dramatic photo) (selected poetry) and more;
• Story: "The Queen of Spades" (1834)
• Pushkin, as monarchist  The History of Pugachev (1833)
• Novel: The Captain's Daughter (1836) the Walter Scott-like historical novel on Pugachev
  

Vasily Zhukovsky

• Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka (1831-32); 'Taras Bulba'; ‘Sorochintsy Fair’; 'St. John's Eve' ; 'A May Night' 
• ‘Thoughts on Geography’, in Arabesques in 1835.  the vast size of the steppe
  
•  ‘The Diary of a Madman’ (1835)
•  "The Nose" (1836) (another translation)
• The Government Inspector (1837)
• Tales of Petersburg (1842): ‘Nevsky Prospekt’; "The Overcoat " (another translation) (1842)
• Dead Souls (1842) (another translation)

• The  Demon (1829-39) Byron-esque Caucasus tale
•  Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov (1837) an epic which imitates the style of the bylina
  
• "Cossack Lullaby"  
• "Youth's Testament"
  
• Izmail Bey (1832)
• "The Angel"; "Death of a Poet"; "The Sail"; "Bored and Sad" (More poems

• Borodino (1837) described from the peasant soldiers’ point of view

• Novel:  A Hero of Our Time (1840)

• A Month in the Country (1850)
• A Sportsman's Sketches (1855)  "A Country Doctor" (1855)
• Nest of Gentlefolk (1859) Lavretsky: Slavophile
• "First Love" (1860)
• ‘Punin and Barburin’ (1874), and also in the unforgettable ‘Mumu’ (1852):  cruelty to peasants
  
• Rudin, hero modeled on young Mikhail Bakunin 
• Fathers and Sons (1861), hero Bazarov is the model of the nihilist radical revolutionary
• "The Torrents of Spring" (1870)

• Virgin Soil (1877) on the going to the people movement; Stasov  caricatured in the figure Skoropikhin 

• What is to be Done (1863)
•  (Lenin, Remarks on Books: G. V. Plekhanov,  N. G. Chernyshevsky (1910))
• Lenin, What Is to Be Done? (1902) excerpt  (Reading About the World)

• vision of the Neva in  "A Weak Heart" (1841)
• Poor Folk (1846); Belinsky loved.
  
• The Double (1846); Belinsky hated.
  
• “A Gentle Spirit" (another translation)
• "The Most Precious Thing for Man" from Notes from Underground (1864); The Crystal Palace Model
• "Raskolnikov's Terrible Dream",  Chapter 5 of Crime and Punishment (1865)
•  "The Parable of the Grand Inquisitor", chapters 35 and 36  from The Brothers Karamazov (1879) (See Holbein, The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb (1521)  and see Critchley, The Freedom of Faith: A Christmas Sermon The Stone December 23, 2012
• Pushkin Speech  (1880)

• Lady Macbeth of the Mtensk District  (1865)  

• January 28, 1936: The Publication in Pravda of the Article Chaos Instead of Music (13 Days When Music Changed Forever) This article signaled Stalin’s displeasure with Shostakovich’s opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk and led to the composer’s “redemption” in his Symphony No. 5.

• "Lefty" (The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea) 1881

• Childhood (1852); Boyhood (1854) Youth (1856)
•  Sebastopol Sketches (1855)
• The Cossacks (1863)
  
• War and Peace (1865) Karataev the peasant who teaches Pierre in War and Peace
  
• Anna Karenina (1873-76) ; Levin and Oblonsky's  famous lunch in the opening scene; Levin's infatuation with Europeanized Schcherbatsky household;the splendid wedding scene between Kitty and Levin in Anna Karenina;  that blissful moment when Levin joins the peasant mowers in the field and loses himself in the labour and the team
• God Sees the Truth, But Waits; (1872)
• A Confession (1879-80):  there was a true religion in which to place his faith - in the suffering, labouring and communal life of the Russian peasantry
• Children's Tales (for peasants) ‘How a Little Devil Redeemed a Hunk of Bread’ and ‘Where There Is God There Is Love’ for the new mass peasant readership.
• The Death of Ivan Ilych (1882)
• The Kreutzer Sonata  (1891) and Resurrection (1899):  failing marriages
• ‘On Life’

• ‘The Devil’ (1889) tells the story of his  affair with his peasant lover,  Aksinia Bazykina both before and after his marriage

• 'The Duel' (1891) A free living rake spirits his married lover to the Caucasus then tires of her.
  
• 'The Wife' (1892) Famine in the local villages inspires Natalya to lead a relief effort until her husband insists that he control the project.
  
• 'Ward No. 6' (1892) The overewhelmed director of a corrupt provincial hospital befriends an inmate on a ward for the insane... and is accused of being mentally ill as well.
• 'An Anonymous Story' (1893) A revolutionary posing as a servant watches as his master seduces and then abandons a young woman.
  
• 'A Woman's Kingdom' (1894) Christmas Day in the life of a young woman who has inherited her father's busy factory.
  
•  ‘Three Years’ (1895) Levitan;  Ugly but rich son of a wealthy businessman Laptev proposes to Yulia who marries him so that she can escape to Moscow.
• 'Vanka' (1886)
• ‘The Steppe’ (1887)
• 'The Student’, ‘On the Road’ (1886)

• ‘Fortune’ (1887) (landscape art) Levitan

• 'The Kiss' (1887) 

• ‘Abolished!’ (1891) An aging bureaucrat loses his balance as reforms loosen the Table of Ranks. 

• ‘The Grasshopper’ (1891)

• 'The Black Monk' (1894) A young professor suffering from nervous exhaustion returns to his former guardian's estate, falls in love with his daughter, then has a psychotic break.
  
• 'Rothschild's Violin' (1894)
• 'My Life' (1896) The son of a successful architect decides to become a workman.
  
•  'The Darling' (1897) A young woman transforms herself to please a succession of husbands.
•  'Peasants' (1898) A Moscow waiter falls ill and must return with his wife and daughter to his impoverished childhood home in a peasant village. 
• 'Gooseberries' (1898) A fireside tale about a man who dreams of owning an estate with gooseberry bushes. 
• 'The Lady with the Pet Dog' (1899) (another translation) A married man seduces a young woman vacationing in the Crimea and she follows him back to Moscow.
• 'In the Ravine' (1900)
•  'The Bishop' (1902) An aging cleric is reunited wiht his mother just as his health begins to fail. 
• 'The Betrothed' (1903)

• The Sea-Gull (1895)
  
• Uncle Vanya (1900)
• Three Sisters (1901)
• The Cherry Orchard, (1904)
  

• Lvov-Prach, Collection of Russian Folk Songs (1790)
• Balakirev, symphonic poem Tamara (1866-81), based upon Lermontov’s poem of that name. Lermontov’s Tamara (1841) retold the folk story of a Georgian queen whose seductive voice lured lovers to her castle in the mountains overlooking the Terek river.  Harmonies were based on the pentatonic (or five-tone) scale common to the music of Asia. The distinctive feature of the pentatonic or ‘Indo-Chinese’ scale is its avoidance of semitones and thus of any clear melodic gravitation towards any particular tone. It creates the sense of ‘floating sounds’ which is characteristic of Southeast Asian music  
• Balakirev’s fantasy for piano Islamei
  
• Beethoven, Razumovsky String Quartets op. 59 (1805) Theme Russe Quartet #1 allegro

•  A Life for the Tsar, first Russian Opera (1836); "My dawn will soon rise;  "Slavsya!"  ("Glory!") ; a battle between Polish and Russian music
• "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1842);  overture ;"She is my life, she is my joy!" ; finale

• Anton Rubinstein and The Petersburg Conservatory (1861)

• Eugene Onegin (1879); The Queen of Spades (1890); The Nutcracker (1892); Symphony #4  (Keeping Score)
• Overture of 1812 (finale) (1862)  Imperial style

•  The Imperial style was virtually defined by the polonaise: Tatiana at the ball in Eugene Onegin and at the climax of the ball in War and Peace, where the Emperor makes his entrance and Natasha dances with Andrei.,
  

• The Sleeping Beauty (1889) and The Queen of Spades (1890) 

•  from Prince Igor (1890);  overture; In the Steppes of Central Asia;  Polovtsian Dances
• the melismatic music of the Polovtsian Dances
  

• Scheherazade (1888) 1. The Sea and Sinbad's Ship 2. The Story of the Calendar Prince
• May Night (1879) from Gogol
• Vasnetsov design for Rimsky’s Snow Maiden,
• Maid of Pskov
• Sadko (1897)
  
• Mamontov's Private Opera: Sadko and May Night  in 1897, The Tsar’s Bride in 1899, and Kashchei the Immortal in 1902

• Night On A Bald Mountain; (1867) from Gogol
• Sorochintsy Fair (1874-)  from Gogol
• Boris Gudonov (1874); ‘Slava’ (‘Glory’) chorus (see Beethoven)
• Khovanshchina (1874) about Peter and The Streltsy Revolt of 1688
  
•  Pictures at an Exhibition  (1874) an exhibition by Mussorgsky's friend Viktor Gartman ; ‘Promenade (in mode russico)'; ‘Baba Yaga’ ; the glorious ‘Kiev Gate’
  

 Gartman, Design for Great Gate at Kiev  (1874)

• Alexander Scriabin

Goncahrova, Backdrop for The Firebird

• The Firbird  (1910)
  
• Petrouchka (1911) Intro: 1, 2, 3, 4; nostalgia for the sounds and colours  recalled from the fairgrounds of  St Petersburg childhood
  

19th c. Russia Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual Religious

 19th c. Russia Art:

19th c. Russia Literature:

19th c. Russia Music:

Secondary Sources:

Secondary Sources:

Secondary Sources:

Secondary Sources:

• Christian, The Political Ideals of Michael Speransky 

• Thaden, The Beginnings of Romantic Nationalism in Russia American Slavic and East European Review Vol. 13, No. 4, Dec., 1954  
• Raeff, At the Origins of a Russian National Consciousness: Eighteenth Century Roots and Napoleonic Wars The History Teacher, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Nov., 1991) 
• Parmele, A Short History of Russia (1907)
  
• Geography of Russia
• Johnson, The Peasant Commune in Russia
• MAP: The Growth of Russia in Europe, 1300-1796
• The Time of Troubles (Somerville)
• "Who Was Tsar Dmitrii?", Chester Dunning
• The First Romanovs (Somerville)
• Anisimov, Peter the Great, "Progress Through Coercion"
• Whitaker, Peter the Great,  The Reforming Tsar's Revolution
• Peter the Great's Revolution (Mosaic)
• The Building of St Petersburg - "a window through which Russia looks on Europe" (BBC)
•  Catherine the Great - the Enlightened Despot of Eighteenth Century Russia  (BBC)
• Wortman, Great Catherine's Many Dimensions (2012)
  
• Napoleonic guide - The Russian Campaign
• Documents in Russian History (Seton Hall)
• Hammond, "Russia in the Time of Nicholas I"
• Kimball, The Intelligentsia
• Lenin,"In Memory of Herzen" (1912)
  
• Gessen, "The Revolutionist: Alexander Herzen" New Yorker, 10-14-06
• Berlin, "The Great Amateur" on Alexander Herzen NYRB 3-14-68;  "On the Pursuit of the Ideal" NYRB 4-17-88
• Tom Stoppard's article on Herzen in the London Observer
• Kimball,  "Who Were the Petrashevtsy?"
• Moss, Alexander II and His Times (1987)
• Avrich, The Legacy of Bakunin Russian Review, Vol. 29, No. 2. (Apr., 1970), pp. 129-142. 
• Kelly, Man in the Middle NYRB 12-19-85 (on Herzen);  The Fatal Charm of the Millenium NYRB 1-22-76 (on Mikhail Bakunin) ; “Mr. Possessed” (on Sergei Nechaev) (1981) ;  The Russian Sphinx NYRB 5-20-99 (on Western Understanding of Russia); Where the Dead Smiled NYRB 2-20-97 (on St. Petersburg)
• The Assassination of Tsar Alexander II from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)
• Polonsky, Russian Orientalism: Asia in Russian Eyes (2011)

• Donnelly, "The Immortal Itinerants (Peredvizhniki)"
• Famous Russian Paintings
• Russia! Art and Society: Second Half of the 19th Century (Guggenheim)
• Russian Painting (Rollins)
• Views of  Nineteenth Century St. Petersburg
• Repin, Shiskin and Kramskoi
• Repin's Painting 'The Volga Barge-Haulers'

• 19th-Century Russian Literature (Brandeis) 
• Naturalism (The Stone)
• Frontline: Pushkin Geneology
• Jahn, from Russian Litterature: Middle Ages to Dostoevsky: The Golden Age: Aleksandr Pushkin ;  Romanticism: Mikhail Lermontov;  The Rise of Prose: Nikolai Gogol
• Tikos, Dead Souls: Chapter nine
• Eichenbaum, "How Gogol's Overcoat is Made"
• Berlin, on Herzen: "The Great Amateur" NYRB 3-14-68;  Herzen’s Circle NYRB 6-20-68;  ‘A Revolutionary Without Fanaticism’ NYRB 4-9-79;  "A Letter on Human Nature" NYRB 9-23-04 ; 
• Berlin. on Turgenev: Fathers and Children: Turgenev and the Liberal Predicament ; Part II ;  Part III NYRB 11-1-73; The Gentle Genius NYRB 10-27-83
• Stoppard,  "The Forgotten Revolutionary" (2002)
• Grafton, "Stoppard's Romance" NYRB (2007) review of The Coast of Utopia
• James, Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) 

• Tracing Byron's Influence on the Creation and Development of the Nihilist Bazarov in Ivan Turgenev's Fathers and Sons

• Nabokov, Lectures on Russian Literature (1981); Philistines and Philistinism (1981)

• Mochulsky, "Dostoevsky: His Life and Work"
• Robert-Louis Jackson, "Dostoevsky in the 20th Century"  1980 (Yale)
• Robert Belknap, Shakespeare and the Possessed
• Ralph E. Matlaw, The Chronicler of The Possessed
• Richard Gill: The Bridges of St. Petersburg: A Motif in "Crime and Punishment"
• Roman S. Struc: Kafka and Dostoevsky as "Blood Relatives"
• Frank, “Dostoevsky’s Conversion” (1983)
• Dostoevsky as Philosopher
• Berdiaev: The Revelation About Man in the Creativity of Dostoevsky
• Townsend, Dostoevsky and His Theology
• Critchley, The Freedom of Faith: A Christmas Sermon The Stone December 23, 2012 on  "The Grand Inquisitor"
  
• Goldfarb, Kant's Aesthetics in Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground
  
• Mikhajlovskij's essay, "A Cruel Talent" (1882)
• Vasilij Rozanov  seminal study, "The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor," (1894)
• McNeil,  Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. Lecture 
• Jahn,  Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment Study notes
• Hammaberg,  Dostoevsky's Petersburg
• St. Petersburg on the Road to Capitalism (1840s to 1890s) Background and a Virtual Tour.
• Williams, The Archbishop of Canterbury on Dostoevsky's "personalism"  (2011)

• Simmons,  Introduction To Tolstoy's Writings
• Tolstaya,  "The Tragedy of Tolstoy"
• Wood, "Moveable Types: How War and Peace Works" 11-26-07 New Yorker
• Figes,"Birth, death, balls and battles" (2005)
• Stanislavsky and the Moscow Arts Theatre
• Meyerhold branched out from the naturalism of the Moscow Arts to experiment with Symbolist drama

• Gary Saul Morson, Chekhov's Enlightenment, New Criterion November 2012
• Aileen Kelly, "Chekhov the Subversive" NYRB 1999
  
• Reminiscences of Chekhov
• A Brief Biography of Anton Chekhov
• Anton Chekhov on Writing
• Boyd, A short history of the short story (2011)
• What the Critics Say About Anton Chekhov ; Chekhov's Legacy

• Turgenev and Russian Music
• Russia Before the Revolution (NPR) 
• Prokofiev's War and Peace by Alex Ross

 Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual Religious

19th c. Russia Art:

 19th c. Russia Literature:

19th c. Russia Music:

Lesson Plans and Presentations:

Lesson Plans and Presentations:

Lesson Plans and Presentations:

Lesson Plans and Presentations:

• Intro to Russian History (ppt)
• Spragins Notes on Berlin's "Herzen and Bakunin on Liberty" from Russian Thinkers 1955

• Tipper, Russian Short Stories Intro (ppt)
• Spragins, Notes on Pushkin "The Queen of Spades" (1833)
• Spragins, Notes on "The Overcoat" (1842)