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The Industrial Revolution
During the next week you will be working together to
create a Class PowerPoint Presentation about the impact of the Industrial
Revolution on the social and political structure of England during the 19th century.
The presentation must be held together by a clear thesis statement which
answers the following overall question:
The Enlightenment philosophes had argued that the
application of science and reason would lead to a better society for all. Did
the extraordinary changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution represent
progress? (Decide as a group whether your definition of progress will be
grounded in a classical liberal, radical liberal or socialist political
philosophy.)
Presentation Ground Rules
I. Thesis
II. Origins of the Industrial Revolution (2) James H.
III. What Happened During the Industrial Revolution?
A. Industrial
Technology (3) Ned E.; Gardner E. ; Quinn F.
B. The Social Effects
of Industry (5) Carter G.; Ben F.; Trevor D.; Chris N.
1. The Lives of Workers
2. Manchester: The First Industrial City: Political
Activism to 1850
3. Victorian London: Political Activism to 1880
IV. Cultural Responses (3) Chris C.; Garrett S. ; Mike K.
A. Literary
1. The
Economics of Authorship
2. Social
Protest in Literature
3. Mass
Production and Popular Culture
B. Realism in Art
V. Conclusion
You will be given a paragraph test on this unit at the end of next week:
here are the questions:
Test Questions:
- What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution in
England?
- How did innovations in technology and business
practice revolutionize the production and marketing of goods? How were
these innovations financed?
- What impact did the new economy have on the lives (job
security, work conditions, housing, health) of
English workers? Did Adam Smith's "invisible hand" create a
just society?
- How did England avoid a workers' revolution? What did
workers do to exert pressure on the factory owners and the government in
order that have their grievances heard? What political and legislative
changes resulted from this debate?
- How was the ideological debate about the problem of
urban poverty reflected in the popular culture of late 19thc. England?
Overview:
Victorian
Technology (BBC History)
History
Trail: Industry and Invention (BBC History)
Victorian Social
History: An Overview (Victorian Web)
Victorian Political
History: An Overview (Victorian Web)
Encyclopedia of
British History (Spartacus)
Map-->"Industrial
England: Early 19c"
Map-->"Industrialization
in Western Europe: 1850"
I. Origins of the Industrial Revolution
What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution in
England?
Overview:
History
of the Industrial Revolution (History World)
The Origins
of the Industrial Revolution in England (Kreis
Lecture)
A. The Agricultural Revolution of the 17th-18th Centuries
The
Agricultural Revolution in England (BBC History)
The
Agricultural Revolution (Open Door)
European
Farming from the Middle Ages to 1800 (History Link)
The Potato Revolution
Accounts of the
"Potato Revolution" 1695 - 1845
Jethro Tull (1674-1741)
Field Rotation
Charles
"Turnip" Townshend (1674-1738)
Animal Breeding
Robert
Bakewell (1725-1795)
Enclosure
Inclosure
Acts
B. Population Growth
Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1834): First Essay on
Population, 1798, excerpts
C. The Power Crisis
The
Search for New Power Sources (Open Door)
The Domestic
System in the 18th Century (Spartacus)
D. Capital
Commercial Origins
of the Industrial Revolution (Halsall)
Capital
(Mantagna)
Capitalism
(Victorian Web)
Victorian
Economics (Overview) (Victorian Web)
Capital
from Slave Trade Profits (The Williams Thesis)
Was
Slavery the Engine of Economic Growth? (Digital History)
Liverpool and the Slave
Trade (PBS)
Who
Wants to be a Cotton Millionaire? (BBC History)
II.
What Happened During the Industrial Revolution?
Industrial Technology
How did innovations in technology and business
practice revolutionize the production and marketing of goods? How were these
innovations financed?
The
Workshop of the World (BBC History)
Victorian
Technology (BBC History) Chronology of the Development of Steam Power (Open Door)
Making the Modern World
Albert
Brunel: The Practical Prophet of Technological Innovation (BBC History)
1. Coal Mining and Textiles
The
Textile Industry Before Industrialization (Open Door)
Thomas Newcomen, The Newcomen
Engine (Wikipedia) (animation)
James Watt,
The Steam Engine
(Wikipedia) (animation)
History
of Coal Mining in England (Wikipedia)
British History:
The Textile Industry (Spartacus)
James
Hargreaves (c.1720-1778) The Cotton-Spinning Jenny
Richard Guest: Compendious
History of the Cotton Manufacture, 1823, excerpts
John Kay, The Flying Shuttle
Richard
Arkwright, Spinning
Jenny and the Spinning
Frame (Wikipedia)
William Radcliffe, Origin
of. Power Loom Weaving, 1828, excerpts
The
Steam Engine (History) (U. Of Rochester)
The
Spinning Mill (Animation) (BBC History)
The
Beam Engine (Animation) (BBC History)
The
Winding Gear (Animation) (BBC History)
2. Iron Ore
The
Blast Furnace (Animation) (BBC History)
Coke
Blast Furnace (Wikipedia)
3. Bridges
The
Iron Bridge (BBC History)
The
Construction of the Iron Bridge (Animation) (BBC History)
The
Beam Engine (Animation) (BBC History)
The
Winding Gear (Animation) (BBC History)
4. Railroads
The Evolution of the Locomotive: Richard Trevithick
and George
Stephenson (Spartacus)
(Wikipedia)
(BBC
History)
5. Steam Ships
Isambard
Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859) The Great Western
The
Paddle Steamer (Animation) (BBC History)
6. Capital
Capitalism
(Victorian Web)
Commercial Origins
of the Industrial Revolution (Halsall)
Capital
(Mantagna)
Capitalism
(Victorian Web)
Victorian
Economics (Overview) (Victorian Web)
Capital
from Slave Trade Profits (The Williams Thesis)
Was
Slavery the Engine of Economic Growth? (Digital History)
Liverpool and the Slave
Trade (PBS)
B. The Social Effects of Industry
What impact did the new economy have on the lives (job security, work
conditions, housing, health) of English workers? Did
Adam Smith's "invisible hand" create a just society?
How did England avoid a
workers' revolution? What did workers do to exert pressure on the factory
owners and the government in order that have their grievances heard? What political
and legislative changes resulted from this debate?
Victorian Social
History: An Overview (Victorian Web)
Victorian Political
History: An Overview (Victorian Web)
The
Workshop of the World (BBC History)
All
Change in the Victorian Age (BBC History)
Beneath
the Surface: A Country of Two Nations (BBC History)
Social
Class (Victorian Web)
1. The Lives of Workers
Leeds Woolen
Workers' Petition, 1786 Attacking the effects of machinery.
Leeds Cloth
Merchants' Letter, 1791 Defending machinery.
Life of the Industrial Worker in 19th-Century England (Victorian
Web)
The Physical
Deterioration of the Textile Workers (Victorian Web)
Observations on
the Loss of Woollen Spinning, 1794,
excerpts
Child Labor
in Cotton Factories 1807 (Peel Web)
Child Labor in the 19th Century (Spartacus)
Child Labor
(Victorian Web)
Women
and children in coal mines (Studymore)
Working
Conditions (Open Door)
Urban
Conditions (Open Door)
Chadwick, Report on Sanitary
Conditions, 1842
Women
Miners in the English Coal Pits, 1842
Testimony
Gathered By the Ashley Mines Commission (1842)
Robinson, Lowell Mill
Girls, 1834-1848
Faraday, Observations
on the Filth of the Thames, 1855
2. Manchester: The First Industrial City: Political
Activism to 1850
Industrial Manchester in the Nineteenth Century
The History of
Manchester at the Spartacus Encyclopedia of British History
Political Responses to 1850:
The Classical Liberal Position:
Ure, excerpts from The
Philosophy of the Manufacturers (1835)
Kay-Shuttleworth, excerpts from The Moral and
Physical Condition of the Working Class in Manchester (1832) (full text)
Thomas Robert
Malthus (Victorian Web)
Malthus'
"Essay on Population" (Victorian Web)
Adam Smith's
Laissez-Faire Policies (Victorian Web) The Factory System A Factory Building
in Manchester Industrial Manchester from
Kersal Moor (Painting by William Wylde, 1851) The Iron
Bridge
at Coalbrookdale
The Socialist Position:
Friedrich Engels: Industrial
Manchester, 1844, excerpts from The Condition of the Working-Class in
England in 1844. Marx and Engels, "Communist Manifesto" (1848) Thompson, The Making
of the English Working Class, Preface
Boughton, Working-Class
Radicalism, 1815-1820 and the Peterloo Massacre of 1819 ; "Working-Class
Ideology" (1981)
Radical Liberal Reform to 1850:
Overview:
The 1832 Reform Act
(topic page); Parliamentary Reform Act
Anti-Poor Law
Movement (see also the Poor Law topic
page)
Social Science and the 1834 Poor Law
The Anti-Corn
Law League (see also Corn Laws Topic
page)
The Factory Movement
(Topic page)
Chartism (Topic
page)
Trade Unions
(Topic page)
Public Health
Changing
attitudes towards poverty after 1815 (Victorian Web)
Corn Laws
(Victorian Web)
The Peterloo Massacre 1819
The Peterloo Massacre (Spartacus)
The Luddites
(Spartacus)
1831 Reform
Riots (Spartacus)
The Swing Riots
(1830)
Terms of the 1832
Reform Act (Victorian Web)
The 1832 Reform Act
(Peel Web)
The Poor Law
Amendment Act (Peel Web)
Conditions in
the Workhouse
The Workhouse in 18th and 19th c.
England
The Workhouse as a
deterrent
Workhouse rules
The Anti-Poor
Law Movement (Victorian Web)
Macaulay, "Reform that you
may preserve" 2 March 1831
The Reform Acts of 1832,
1867 and 1884 (Victorian Web) Victorian
Legislation: A Timeline (Victorian Web)
Child Labor (Victorian Web) An
article by Lord Ashley
Village life in
the 1830s (Web of English History)
The Anti-Corn Law
League (Peel Web)
Chartism or The
Chartist Movement (Victorian Web)
The People's
Charter of 1838
Chartism
(Spartacus)
Chartism (Peel
Web)
Conditions in
Manchester 1845 (Web of English History)
Macaulay, Opposition to
universal suffrage 3 May 1842.
Repeal of the Corn Law 1846
Ten Hours Act of 1847
The Trade Union Movement (Spartacus)
POLITICAL CARTOONS
The Game Laws
1816
A Law for
the Rich and another for the Poor
The Royal Shambles
August 1816
Spa
Fields Riots 2 December 1816
"Liberty
Suspended" March 1817
The government's use of spies
July 1817
The Political House
that Jack Built 1819
The Peterloo Massacre, 16 August 1819: primary sources
A Radical
Reformer 1819
The Six
Acts 1819
The Queen Caroline
Affair contemporary comment 1820
The Cato
Street Conspiracy 23 February 1820
Cato Street Conspiracy: contemporary
sources February 1820
Coriolanus
addressing the Plebeians (1820)
'Monster Soup'
- 1828
The March of Bricks
and Mortar 1829
Cartoons of Catholic
Emancipation 1829
See-Dan
May 1829
The Head
Master turning out the Incorrigibles May 1831
The Sick
Goose and the Council of Health (patent medicines)
Salus Populi Suprema Lex 1832
The Newport
Rising 4 November 1839
The Procession of the 1842 Chartist
Petition
An Anti-corn-Law League membership
card after 1842
Public Health:
no waste disposal
Public Health:
open sewers
Capital and Labour 1843
The Home of
the Rick burner 1844
Images of the Irish
Famine
"Bubbles" - a contemporary comment on sweat shops
1845.
Papa Cobden taking Master Robert a Free Trade walk - 1846
The Rising
Generation - in Parliament 1847
The Procession of the 1848 Chartist
Petition
Images of
Chartism 1848
The Water
that John Drinks 1849
You are requested
not to speak to the man at the wheel August 1854
The last of
the Brudenells and the destruction of the Light
Brigade 24 October 1854
Food
adulteration 14 August 1855
The Dirty
Doorstep 1855
Uniform
Stupidity 1856
Patient
heroes 1856
An evening
party at Sevastopol 1856
The British
beehive 1867
The Seven
Dials district of London 1872
3. Victorian London: Political Activism to 1880
A Brief History of
London (Victorian Web)
The Victorian Dictionary (Exploring Victorian London)
Victorian
Occupations -- Life and Labor in the Victorian Period: An Overview
(Victorian Web)
Charles Booth's Descriptive Map of
London (1889)
Monument and Dust: The Culture
of Victorian London (UVA)
London
Mortality Statistics (UVA)
London
Population Statistics (UVA)
Political Responses to 1880:
The Reform Acts of
1832, 1867 and 1884 (Victorian Web)
Victorian
Legislation: A Timeline (Victorian Web)
The Liberal Ideal:
The Crystal
Palace International Exhibition of 1851 (Victorian Web)
Models of the Crystal Palace (UVA)
Laissez-faire
and the Victorians (BBC History)
The
Rise of the Victorian Middle Class (BBC History)
Smiles, Self-Help (1859); Thrift (1875)
The Reality Beneath the Surface:
Beneath
the Surface: A Country of Two Nations (BBC History) Dickens's London Dickens' London Map Michael Faraday: Observations
on the Filth of the Thames, 1855 Chadwick's Report on the Sanitary Conditions in Great Britain (1843) The Broad Street Pump Cholera Epidemic
London: A Pilgrimage by
Dore and Jerrold (Spartacus) (Victorian Net) (Gilman ppt.)
Mayhew, from London Labour and the London
Poor (intro) (1862); "Prostitution
in Victorian London" (1862); 'Those That Will Not Work,' see Spartacus and complete text: volume 1, volume 2, volume 3, volume 4 London
Low-life - Beggars and Cheats- excerpts from Those That
Will Not Work (1862)
London's
'Great Stink' and Victorian Urban Planning (BBC History)
Dickens's
London
Booth, Inquiry
into the life and labour of the people in London (1886) (Poverty
Maps of London)
Radical Liberal Reform to1884:
Victorian
Legislation: A Timeline (Victorian Web)
Terms of the 1832
Reform Act (Victorian Web)
The Reform Acts of
1832, 1867 and 1884 (Victorian Web) Victorian
Legislation: A Timeline (Victorian Web)
The Amalgamated Society of
Engineers (1851)
The 1867 Reform Act
Gladstone Recognizes the right
of workers to organize labor uinons
The 1884 Reform Act
The London Dock Strike of 1889
The Bitter Cry of
Outcast London: an inquiry into the condition of the abject poor (1883)
Charlotte
Mew's walk in Clerkenwell
The Trade Union
Movement (Spartacus)
1908
Old Age Pensions Act
Revolutionary Currents:
Marx and Engels, The
Communist Manifesto (1848)
Bloody Sunday
(1887) (Spartacus)
The London
Dockers' Strike (1888) (Spartacus)
The Matchgirls' Strike (1887) (Spartacus)
The Solution?
British Empire:
An Introduction (Victorian Web)
Why did the
British Empire expand so rapidly between 1870 and 1900? (Victorian Web)
Lenin on Imperialism,
the Highest Phase of Capitalism (Sprago Web)
The Achievement of
Liberal Reform (1906-1916)
Fun and Games:
Victorian England Activities (Public
Record Office)
Muck
and Brass (game) (BBC History)
The
Cholera Game (Public Record Office)
Victorian
Crime Game (Public Record Office)
III. Cultural Responses
How was the ideological debate about the problem
of urban poverty reflected in the popular culture of late 19th c.
England?
A. Literary
Victorian Web: Literature
Overview
Literary Definition
of Realism (Victorian Web)
The
Industrial Revolution (BBC Arts)
1. Social Protest in Literature:
Elizabeth
Gaskell, from Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life
Charles Dickens, from Hard Times, chapter 5 "The Key Note"; Charles Dickens: Hard Times, Chapter 2
Dickens's London
Dickens' London Map
Charles Dickens, Bleak House: The Novel
as Source Material
London 1865 - The Dickens Project's Our Mutual Friend
Site
A
Description of Coketown from Charles Dickens' Hard Times
The
Two Nations, from Benjamin Disraeli's Sybil
Thomas Carlyle: Signs of the Times: The "Mechanical Age"
A Village Workhouse in 1830 from George Eliot, Scenes
of Clerical Life: "Amos Barton" Chapter 2 (1857)
Anthony Trollope, Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy
Emile Zola, Germinal, 1885, extracts
2. The Economics of Authorship (Victorian Web)
Breaking
News: Renaissance Journalism and the Birth of the Newspaper (NY Times
1-23-09)
Charles
Dickens' Writings: Economic Contexts and Themes
How Did Nineteenth-Century British and American Authors Get
Paid?
Dickens
Wrote for Money!
Revolutionary
Pickwick: Modern Authorship, Mass Audience, and the Victorian
Publishing Industry
Publishing
in Parts, Periodicals and Dickens' Working Methods
3. Mass Production and Popular Culture:
Beneath
the Surface: Social Reports as Primary Sources (BBC History)
Sex, Scandal, and the
Novel (Victorian Web)
Sex,
Drugs and Music Hall (BBC History)
Opium and
Empire in Victorian Britain (The Imperial Archive)
Jack the Ripper Casebook (Ryder and
Piper) Victorian Detective Fiction (An Introduction) The Detective Novel Detective Novels:
Whodunits and Thrillers
The Sensation Novel Introduction
The Victorian
Custody Novel: Deceived and Deserted
Victorian Sensationalism:
Casebook Literature
B. Art Styles in the Industrial 19th Century
Images
of the Industrial Revolution in England
Realism in Art:
Realism (Smarthistory)
Realism (Artcyclopedia)
Literary Definition
of Realism (Victorian Web)
Courbet, The
Stonebreakers (1849)
Manet, Olympia (1865)
Degas, The Dance Class
(1874)
Conservatism:
J.M.W. Turner, The
"Fighting Temeraire" tugged to her Last
Berth to be broken up (1838)
Rain, Steam and
Speed -The Great North-Western Railway (1844)
Official Art: Ernest
Meissonier and Hans von Marees, William Powell Frith
Gιrτme, Pygmalion and
Galatea 1890
Liberalism:
Darby,
Iron
Bridge at Coalbrookdale (1779)
Cruickshank, The
British Beehive (1867)
Redgrave,
The Sempstress 1846 (Commentary)
Tissot, London
Visitors 1874
Manchester
1851
The Great Exhibition - a wonder of the Victorian
world (BBC Radio)
The
Creation of the Metropolis: The
Great Exhibition of 1851; (Victorian
Web)
Frith, The Railway
Station (1862) (essay)
Art,
Technology and Industry (History of Art)
Furnishings
and Fashions (History of Art)
Art
and Printing, Illustrated Magazines, Posters (History of Art)
Early
Photography (History of Art)
Radical Liberalism:
Gustave Dore and Blanchard Jerrold, London: A
Pilgrimage (1872); (Spartacus) (UVA) (Gilman ppt.)
Fildes, Houseless and Hungry,
The Graphic (12th April, 1869)
Pierdon, "St.
Giles" The Rookeries of London.(1850)
Jacob Riis, How the Other Half
Lives (1888)
Manet, Olympia (1865);
A Bar at
the Folies Bergeres
(1881-82) (Getty essay)
(About the Folies Bergieres)
Renoir The Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881)
Degas, Place
de la Concorde or Viscount Lepic and his Daughters
(1875)
Monet, Saint-Lazare
Station (1877)
Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (1881-82); Olympia
(1875)
Socialism:
Social Criticism in the Arts: Realism in France: Millet and
Daumier
Courbet, The
Stonebreakers (1849)
Daumier, The Burden (1853); The
Uprising (1860); The Third ClassCarriage
(1863)
Daumier, The
Uprising, The Laundress, The Third-class Carriage, In the Omnibus,
Passersby; So You were Hungry? That's no excuse!, Politicians
Millet, The Gleaners (1857) ; The Walk
to Work, Shepherdess with her flock
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